There are a few other projects that do things that use CAKE's philosophy about names on the Internet.
Self-certifying File System this filesystem definitely has the CAKENature. It uses CAKE-like names for both filesystems and users.
At a quick glance your description of CAKE as using public keys as addresses rather than IP addresses sounded just like what we did with EGTP (Evil Geniuses The/Transport Protocol). All nodes in the network were identified by their public key. Keys were normally learned about from other nodes in the network and were distributed with versioned contact info (and ideally signed but i don't think we ever implemented contact info signing). Contact info described how to send a message to that key (ip, ipv6, tcp, via relay through another node with key foo, etc). There are some EGTP docs on the mnet website (mnet is a direct descendant of mojonation) but none seem to be the detailed protocol description i want so i'll just leave you to dig or ask current mnet developers if you're interested. "-greg electricrain com" [mojonation developer #1]
OpenPGP in Python OpenPGP doesn't have the CAKENature, but integration with it will be useful.
I2P The Invisible Internet project. It has the CAKENature and is dedicated to being totally anonymous, unlike CAKE. Here is a link to the I2P client API. It may be possible to make CAKE compatible with it.
SPKI/SDSI ("spooky and sudsy") key management without the overarching PKI philosophy that CAKE rejects. Everyone interested in CAKE would benefit from reading in detail about this standard and the philosophy behind it (see also Ellison and Schneier, "Ten risks of PKI")
Petmail A system with almost all the same ideas as CAKE, and a few more. CAKE and Petmail stand a good chance of merging sometime soon.
Plex These people are building something they call Plex, and they have a lot of the same ideas I do.
SpamSolutions suggests using CAKE in email to reduce spam.
One Big Soup may be somehow related as well. I'm not sure yet.
WASTE Again is sort of related. Mostly because of the idea of an encrypted transport.